What are apical meristems and where are they located?
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Study how plants grow, including meristems, hormones, and environmental factors influencing development.
Mastering this deck will enable you to understand the mechanisms behind plant growth, predict how environmental factors influence development, and apply this knowledge in agriculture, horticulture, and ecological management to optimize plant health and productivity.
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| # | Front | Back | Hint |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What are apical meristems and where are they located? | Apical meristems are regions of actively dividing cells located at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth and lengthening of the plant. | Think 'apex' for tips. |
| 2 | Name the three primary plant hormones involved in growth regulation. | Auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. | Remember 'ACG' for Auxins, Cytokinins, Giberellins. |
| 3 | How do auxins influence plant growth? | Auxins promote cell elongation, especially in the shoot tips, and are involved in root initiation and apical dominance. | Auxins help shoots grow taller and roots grow roots. |
| 4 | What is the role of cytokinins in plants? | Cytokinins promote cell division, influence nutrient mobilization, and delay leaf senescence. | Think 'C' for Cell division and Cytokinins. |
| 5 | Describe how gibberellins affect plant development. | Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, seed germination, and flowering processes. | Gibberellins make plants grow tall and flower early. |
| 6 | Which environmental factors influence plant growth? | Light, water, temperature, soil nutrients, and CO₂ availability. | Think of what plants need from their environment. |
| 7 | How does phototropism benefit plants? | Phototropism allows plants to grow towards light, optimizing photosynthesis efficiency. | Growth towards light makes sense for energy needs. |
| 8 | What is gravitropism and how does it help roots and shoots? | Gravitropism is growth response to gravity; roots exhibit positive gravitropism (grow downward), shoots exhibit negative gravitropism (grow upward). | Gravity guides roots and shoots appropriately. |
| 9 | Define secondary growth and identify where it occurs. | Secondary growth is the increase in thickness or girth of a plant, occurring in lateral meristems like the vascular cambium and cork cambium. | Think 'thickening' of stems and roots. |
| 10 | What is the function of the vascular cambium? | The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem, contributing to thickening of stems and roots. | Vascular cambium makes the plant thicker. |
| 11 | Explain how environmental stress can affect plant growth. | Stress factors like drought, salinity, or extreme temperatures can inhibit growth, cause morphological changes, or induce dormancy. | Environmental stress challenges plant development. |
| 12 | What is vernalization and its significance? | Vernalization is the induction of flowering after exposure to prolonged cold temperatures, ensuring flowering occurs at appropriate seasons. | Cold treatment triggers flowering in some plants. |
| 13 | How do plant hormones coordinate responses to environmental cues? | Hormones like auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid regulate growth and stress responses, integrating environmental signals into developmental processes. | Hormones act as internal messengers. |
| 14 | What role does abscisic acid play during drought stress? | Abscisic acid promotes stomatal closure to reduce water loss and induces dormancy during water scarcity. | ABA helps plants conserve water. |
| 15 | Describe the process of seed germination and the hormonal control involved. | Seed germination involves water uptake, activation of enzymes, and growth driven by hormones like gibberellins, which break dormancy and promote embryo growth. | Gibberellins wake up the seed. |
| 16 | What is the significance of meristems in plant development? | Meristems are regions of undifferentiated cells that allow continuous growth and formation of new tissues in plants. | Meristems are the plant's growth zones. |
| 17 | How does auxin distribution influence plant tropisms? | Uneven auxin distribution causes cells on one side to elongate more, resulting in bending toward or away from stimuli like light or gravity. | Auxins create growth asymmetry. |
| 18 | What is the role of the cork cambium in secondary growth? | The cork cambium produces cork cells that form the bark, protecting the plant and aiding in water retention. | Cork cambium forms bark. |
| 19 | Name an example of a plant that exhibits strong environmental adaptation in growth. | Cacti, which have thick stems to store water and spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss. | Desert plants like cacti are highly adapted. |
| 20 | Explain how environmental factors can influence flowering time. | Factors like temperature (vernalization), day length (photoperiod), and water availability can trigger or inhibit flowering at optimal times. | Timing flowering is crucial for reproductive success. |
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