What is the most common causative agent of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults?
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| # | Front | Back | Hint |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What is the most common causative agent of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults? |
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Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, and endophthalmitis.
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial pathogen causing conjunctivitis in adults. |
| Think about common skin flora bacteria |
| 2 | Which clinical feature is characteristic of viral conjunctivitis that helps distinguish it from bacterial conjunctivitis? | Preauricular lymphadenopathy and watery, follicular conjunctival injection are characteristic of viral conjunctivitis. | Lymph nodes near the ear |
| 3 | What is the primary treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis? | Topical antibiotics such as erythromycin or fluoroquinolones are the mainstay of treatment. | Think 'ABX for bacteria' |
| 4 | Which organism is most commonly responsible for infectious keratitis in contact lens users? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen in contact lens-associated keratitis. | Pseudomonas loves moist environments like contact lenses |
| 5 | Name a key clinical feature differentiating bacterial from viral keratitis. | Bacterial keratitis often presents with a dense corneal ulcer and purulent discharge, whereas viral keratitis may show dendritic epithelial ulcers (especially with herpes simplex). | Think ulcer vs. dendritic pattern |
| 6 | What is the typical initial management for herpetic keratitis? | Topical or systemic antiviral agents such as trifluridine or acyclovir are used to treat herpetic keratitis. | Antiviral drugs target herpes virus |
| 7 | What distinguishes uveitis from other ocular inflammations in terms of presentation? | Uveitis involves inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid), often presenting with pain, redness, photophobia, and decreased vision, with cells and flare in the anterior chamber. | Think 'U' for 'Uveal' and 'Uveitis' – redness and pain |
| 8 | Which are common infectious causes of anterior uveitis? | Herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and syphilis are common infectious causes of anterior uveitis. | Remember herpes and syphilis as systemic infections |
| 9 | How is uveitis diagnosed in a clinical setting? | Diagnosis is primarily clinical, with slit-lamp examination revealing cells and flare in the anterior chamber; laboratory tests may be used if infectious or systemic causes are suspected. | Slit-lamp is key tool |
| 10 | What is the typical treatment approach for non-infectious uveitis? | Corticosteroids (topical, periocular, or systemic) are the main treatment to reduce inflammation, often combined with immunomodulatory agents in chronic cases. | Steroids to suppress inflammation |
| 11 | What is endophthalmitis, and why is it a ophthalmic emergency? | Endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection involving the vitreous and aqueous humor, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent irreversible vision loss. | Think 'inside the eye infection' |
| 12 | What are common sources of endophthalmitis? | It often results from intraocular surgery, trauma, or extension of adjacent ocular infections. | Post-surgical or traumatic origins |
| 13 | What is the first-line treatment for suspected bacterial endophthalmitis? | Urgent intravitreal antibiotics (such as vancomycin and ceftazidime) combined with vitrectomy if indicated. | Intravitreal antibiotics are directly injected into the eye |
| 14 | Which diagnostic tool is essential for confirming intraocular infections? | Vitreous or aqueous humor sampling for Gram stain, culture, and PCR helps identify causative organisms. | Sample the inside of the eye |
| 15 | What preventive measure is critical after ocular surgery to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis? | Use of perioperative antibiotics and strict aseptic surgical techniques are critical for prevention. | Antibiotics and sterile technique |
| 16 | Which systemic disease is associated with an increased risk of ocular infections and inflammations? | Immunocompromised states, such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and systemic immunosuppressive therapy, increase susceptibility. | Immunosuppression lowers defenses |
| 17 | What are common side effects of corticosteroid use in ocular inflammations? | Potential side effects include increased intraocular pressure, cataract formation, and secondary infections. | Steroids can raise pressure |
| 18 | Name a mnemonic to remember causes of infectious keratitis. | Fungal, Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic (FBVP). | Think 'Fabulous Bacteria Vary Primarily' |
| 19 | How can contact lens hygiene influence the risk of keratitis? | Poor hygiene, extended wear, and contaminated solutions increase the risk of microbial keratitis. | Clean lenses prevent infection |
| 20 | What is the significance of corneal ulcer location in keratitis? | Ulcer location and size help determine severity, likely pathogen, and prognosis; central ulcers threaten vision more than peripheral ones. | Central = high risk to vision |
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