What is the most common causative agent of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults?
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Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, and endophthalmitis.
Mastering this deck enhances your ability to recognize, diagnose, and manage common ocular infections and inflammations, leading to prompt and effective patient care in clinical practice, reducing complications and preserving vision.
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| # | Front | Back | Hint |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What is the most common causative agent of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults? | Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial pathogen causing conjunctivitis in adults. | Think about common skin flora bacteria |
| 2 | Which clinical feature is characteristic of viral conjunctivitis that helps distinguish it from bacterial conjunctivitis? | Preauricular lymphadenopathy and watery, follicular conjunctival injection are characteristic of viral conjunctivitis. | Lymph nodes near the ear |
| 3 | What is the primary treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis? | Topical antibiotics such as erythromycin or fluoroquinolones are the mainstay of treatment. | Think 'ABX for bacteria' |
| 4 | Which organism is most commonly responsible for infectious keratitis in contact lens users? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen in contact lens-associated keratitis. | Pseudomonas loves moist environments like contact lenses |
| 5 | Name a key clinical feature differentiating bacterial from viral keratitis. | Bacterial keratitis often presents with a dense corneal ulcer and purulent discharge, whereas viral keratitis may show dendritic epithelial ulcers (especially with herpes simplex). | Think ulcer vs. dendritic pattern |
| 6 | What is the typical initial management for herpetic keratitis? | Topical or systemic antiviral agents such as trifluridine or acyclovir are used to treat herpetic keratitis. | Antiviral drugs target herpes virus |
| 7 | What distinguishes uveitis from other ocular inflammations in terms of presentation? | Uveitis involves inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid), often presenting with pain, redness, photophobia, and decreased vision, with cells and flare in the anterior chamber. | Think 'U' for 'Uveal' and 'Uveitis' – redness and pain |
| 8 | Which are common infectious causes of anterior uveitis? | Herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and syphilis are common infectious causes of anterior uveitis. | Remember herpes and syphilis as systemic infections |
| 9 | How is uveitis diagnosed in a clinical setting? | Diagnosis is primarily clinical, with slit-lamp examination revealing cells and flare in the anterior chamber; laboratory tests may be used if infectious or systemic causes are suspected. | Slit-lamp is key tool |
| 10 | What is the typical treatment approach for non-infectious uveitis? | Corticosteroids (topical, periocular, or systemic) are the main treatment to reduce inflammation, often combined with immunomodulatory agents in chronic cases. | Steroids to suppress inflammation |
| 11 | What is endophthalmitis, and why is it a ophthalmic emergency? | Endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection involving the vitreous and aqueous humor, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent irreversible vision loss. | Think 'inside the eye infection' |
| 12 | What are common sources of endophthalmitis? | It often results from intraocular surgery, trauma, or extension of adjacent ocular infections. | Post-surgical or traumatic origins |
| 13 | What is the first-line treatment for suspected bacterial endophthalmitis? | Urgent intravitreal antibiotics (such as vancomycin and ceftazidime) combined with vitrectomy if indicated. | Intravitreal antibiotics are directly injected into the eye |
| 14 | Which diagnostic tool is essential for confirming intraocular infections? | Vitreous or aqueous humor sampling for Gram stain, culture, and PCR helps identify causative organisms. | Sample the inside of the eye |
| 15 | What preventive measure is critical after ocular surgery to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis? | Use of perioperative antibiotics and strict aseptic surgical techniques are critical for prevention. | Antibiotics and sterile technique |
| 16 | Which systemic disease is associated with an increased risk of ocular infections and inflammations? | Immunocompromised states, such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and systemic immunosuppressive therapy, increase susceptibility. | Immunosuppression lowers defenses |
| 17 | What are common side effects of corticosteroid use in ocular inflammations? | Potential side effects include increased intraocular pressure, cataract formation, and secondary infections. | Steroids can raise pressure |
| 18 | Name a mnemonic to remember causes of infectious keratitis. | Fungal, Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic (FBVP). | Think 'Fabulous Bacteria Vary Primarily' |
| 19 | How can contact lens hygiene influence the risk of keratitis? | Poor hygiene, extended wear, and contaminated solutions increase the risk of microbial keratitis. | Clean lenses prevent infection |
| 20 | What is the significance of corneal ulcer location in keratitis? | Ulcer location and size help determine severity, likely pathogen, and prognosis; central ulcers threaten vision more than peripheral ones. | Central = high risk to vision |
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