What is the primary class of drugs used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma?
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Medications used in eye care including drops, ointments, and systemic drugs for various eye conditions.
Mastering this deck enables you to select appropriate pharmacological treatments for diverse ocular conditions, understand their mechanisms, and anticipate side effects, thereby improving patient outcomes in clinical practice.
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| # | Front | Back | Hint |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What is the primary class of drugs used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma? | Prostaglandin analogs (e.g., latanoprost), beta-blockers (e.g., timolol), alpha-agonists (e.g., brimonidine), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., dorzolamide), and cholinergic agents (e.g., pilocarpine) are used to reduce intraocular pressure. | Think of drugs that 'push down' intraocular pressure |
| 2 | Which medication class is commonly used as the first-line treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis? | Topical antibiotics such as erythromycin ointment, sulfacetamide drops, or fluoroquinolones are used as first-line therapy. | Think 'antibiotics for bacterial infections' in the eye |
| 3 | Name a common topical corticosteroid used in managing ocular inflammation. | Prednisolone acetate is a commonly used topical corticosteroid for ocular inflammation. | Steroids 'reduce' inflammation and are administered as drops or ointments |
| 4 | What systemic medication is used in the treatment of uveitis? | Systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) are often used to control intraocular inflammation in uveitis. | Think of 'systemic steroids' for widespread inflammation |
| 5 | Which drug class is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis? | Antihistamines (e.g., olopatadine), mast cell stabilizers (e.g., cromolyn), and NSAID drops are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis. | Think 'allergy relief' for itchy, inflamed eyes |
| 6 | Name an ocular antihypertensive agent used in the management of glaucoma. | Timolol, a beta-blocker, is commonly used to decrease aqueous humor production and lower intraocular pressure. | Beta-blocker 'blocks' pressure buildup |
| 7 | Which medication is used topically to treat herpetic keratitis? | Trifluridine, an antiviral eye drop, is used to treat herpetic keratitis caused by herpes simplex virus. | Think 'viral treatment' for corneal infections |
| 8 | What systemic medication is used in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with geographic atrophy? | No systemic medication has proven effective; management is mainly supportive. However, anti-VEGF injections are used in neovascular AMD. | Differentiate between dry and wet AMD treatments |
| 9 | Which drug is used as an antidote in cases of ocular poisoning with organophosphates? | Atropine sulfate is an antidote for organophosphate poisoning affecting the eye, but in systemic poisoning, pralidoxime is also used. | Remember 'antidote' for nerve agent-like poisoning |
| 10 | Name a common preservative used in ophthalmic drops and a concern associated with it. | Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a common preservative, but it can cause ocular surface toxicity with long-term use. | Think 'preservative' and 'toxicity' in chronic use |
| 11 | What is the main mechanism of action of prostaglandin analogs in glaucoma treatment? | They increase uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor, thereby lowering intraocular pressure. | Prostaglandins 'push' fluid out via alternative pathways |
| 12 | Which topical medication is used to treat dry eye syndrome by increasing tear production? | Cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion (e.g., Restasis) is used to increase tear production in dry eye syndrome. | Think 'immune modulation' in dry eyes |
| 13 | Name an oral medication used in the management of ocular cystinosis to reduce crystal accumulation. | Cysteamine oral solution is used to deplete cystine in cystinosis, which affects the eyes among other organs. | Cystine crystal reduction strategy |
| 14 | Which drug is used as a mydriatic agent during eye examinations or surgeries? | Tropicamide is a short-acting muscarinic antagonist used to dilate pupils. | Think 'dilate' with 'mydriatic' agents |
| 15 | What medication is used to prevent nausea and vomiting in patients with severe ocular pain or after eye surgery? | Prochlorperazine or ondansetron may be used to control nausea associated with ocular procedures. | Anti-emetics for procedure-related nausea |
| 16 | Which systemic drug is used in the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion to improve blood flow? | Intra-arterial thrombolytics or hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be considered, but there is no definitive systemic drug; management is primarily supportive. | Focus on emergent management strategies |
| 17 | What is the role of pilocarpine in ophthalmology? | Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent that causes miosis and improves aqueous outflow in glaucoma, especially in primary narrow-angle glaucoma. | Think 'pupil constriction' to lower pressure |
| 18 | Which class of drugs is contraindicated in patients with a history of angle-closure glaucoma? | Mydriatic agents like atropine and tropicamide are contraindicated as they can precipitate acute angle-closure attacks. | Mydriatics 'close' the angle in susceptible eyes |
| 19 | Name a topical NSAID used in ophthalmology and its primary use. | Ketorolac eye drops are used to reduce inflammation and pain after ocular surgery or injury. | NSAID for 'pain and inflammation' control |
| 20 | What medication is used to treat herpetic stromal keratitis? | Oral acyclovir or valacyclovir are used to treat herpetic keratitis, often combined with topical steroids in stromal involvement. | Antiviral drugs target herpes virus |
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