What was the main finding of Caspi et al.'s 2003 study on the 5-HTTLPR gene and depression?
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By mastering these flashcards, users will deepen their understanding of key experiments that reveal how neurotransmitters and hormones influence behavior, enabling them to critically analyze research methods and apply this knowledge to real-world psychological phenomena and clinical contexts.
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| 1 | What was the main finding of Caspi et al.'s 2003 study on the 5-HTTLPR gene and depression? |
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Review famous experiments involving neurotransmitters/hormones, including methods, findings, and implications for behavior.
The study found that individuals with a short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene who experienced stressful life events were more likely to develop depression, highlighting a gene-environment interaction involving serotonin regulation. |
| Think about genes, stress, and mood |
| 2 | Which experiment demonstrated that increased dopamine activity enhances reward-seeking behavior in animals? | Olds and Milner's 1950s experiments involved rats pressing a lever to self-administer electrical stimulation to brain areas rich in dopamine, showing dopamine's role in reward and motivation. | Focus on self-stimulation and reward pathways |
| 3 | How did the study by Crockett et al. (2010) link serotonin to moral decision-making? | Crockett et al. used pharmacological manipulation to reduce serotonin levels, which led to increased utilitarian responses in moral dilemmas, suggesting serotonin modulates impulsivity and moral judgments. | Think about serotonin's role in impulse control |
| 4 | What was the key method used in the experiment by Kandel and Schwartz (1982) on serotonin in Aplysia? | They measured changes in synaptic strength in sea slugs' neurons after serotonin exposure, demonstrating how serotonin facilitates learning and memory at the synaptic level. | Remember sea slugs and synaptic plasticity |
| 5 | What did the study by Sapolsky (1990) reveal about cortisol's effects on the hippocampus? | Sapolsky's research showed that chronic exposure to high cortisol levels can damage hippocampal neurons, impairing memory and learning, linking stress hormones to cognitive deficits. | Think stress hormone and memory |
| 6 | Which experiment provided evidence that dopamine antagonists can reduce symptoms of psychosis? | The classic work on antipsychotic drugs, such as Chlorpromazine, demonstrated that blocking dopamine receptors alleviated hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia patients, supporting the dopamine hypothesis. | Remember dopamine blockers and psychosis |
| 7 | How did the experiment by McGaugh and Cahill (1995) demonstrate the role of adrenaline in emotional memory formation? | They found that adrenaline enhances memory consolidation for emotionally arousing events, as seen in studies where adrenaline increases norepinephrine activity in the amygdala, strengthening emotional memories. | Think adrenaline and emotional recall |
| 8 | What was the key finding of the experiment involving oxytocin administration in social bonding studies? | Studies, such as those by Kosfeld et al. (2005), showed that intranasal oxytocin increased trust and prosocial behaviors in humans, indicating oxytocin's role in social bonding. | Focus on trust and social connection |
| 9 | What experimental evidence supports the role of GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter? | Research involving GABA agonists, like benzodiazepines, demonstrated sedative and anxiolytic effects, confirming GABA's function in reducing neuronal excitability and anxiety. | Think calming agents and neural inhibition |
| 10 | In the experiment by Young et al. (1998), how does oxytocin influence maternal behavior in animals? | They found that administering oxytocin increases maternal behaviors such as grooming and nursing, suggesting its role in bonding and caregiving behaviors. | Maternal bonding and hormone influence |
| 11 | What was demonstrated by the study on cortisol and memory recall during stress? | The study showed that moderate cortisol levels can enhance memory recall, but excessive cortisol impairs it, illustrating a dose-dependent effect of stress hormones on cognition. | Think about stress levels and memory |
| 12 | Which experiment showed that blocking dopamine receptors can decrease addictive behaviors in animals? | Research utilizing dopamine antagonists like haloperidol demonstrated reduced self-administration of addictive substances in rats, supporting dopamine's role in addiction. | Addiction and dopamine blockade |
| 13 | What did the experiment involving vasopressin and social behavior in voles reveal? | It showed that vasopressin receptor density correlates with pair-bonding behavior, linking vasopressin to social attachment and monogamy in animals. | Vasopressin and social bonds |
| 14 | How was the role of serotonin in aggression studied experimentally? | Research involving pharmacologically reducing serotonin levels in animals resulted in increased aggressive behaviors, indicating serotonin's inhibitory effect on aggression. | Serotonin and impulse control |
| 15 | What did the experiment by Young et al. (2005) find about oxytocin's effect on trust in economic games? | Participants given intranasal oxytocin showed increased trust and willingness to cooperate in economic trust games, demonstrating oxytocin's influence on social trust. | Trust and hormone effects |
| 16 | Which experiment provided evidence that norepinephrine is involved in the fight-or-flight response? | Studies measuring adrenaline and norepinephrine levels during stress confirmed their role in preparing the body for rapid action during threats. | Stress hormones and survival response |
| 17 | What was the significance of the experiment by Delgado (1950s) involving electrical stimulation of the brain? | Delgado's experiments showed that electrical stimulation of the pleasure centers in the brain (dopamine-rich areas) could induce reward-seeking behavior, illustrating neural bases of motivation. | Electrical brain stimulation and reward |
| 18 | How did the study by Cahill and McGaugh (1995) demonstrate the effect of emotional arousal on memory? | They found that emotionally arousing events are remembered more vividly and accurately, mediated by adrenaline and amygdala interactions. | Emotion and vivid memories |
| 19 | What experimental approach was used to study the effects of cortisol on hippocampal neurons? | In vitro studies exposing hippocampal neurons to cortisol showed neurotoxicity and reduced neurogenesis, linking high cortisol levels to memory impairments. | Lab studies on neurons and cortisol |
| 20 | What did the experiments on serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reveal about their effect on depression? | SSRIs increase serotonin availability in synapses, and clinical trials showed their effectiveness in reducing symptoms of depression by enhancing serotonergic transmission. | Anti-depressants and serotonin |
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